1. Identification and Names According to epigraphical evidence, Thyateira, an important city of northern Lydia, was on the site of modern Ak-hisar, near the town of Manisa, 80 km to the northeast of Smyrna. It was built on the fertile plain of the Lykos River while, thanks to its location at the crossroads of major roads leading northwest to Pergamon, southeast to Sardis and southwest to Magnesia and Smyrna, the city was an important hub of local and transit trade.1 According to Strabo, Thyateira was to the left of a mountain range and bordered the region of Apollonia to the south. In addition, the historian mentions that it was inhabited by Macedonians and was called the endmost city of Mysia.2 The geographer Ptolemy calls Thyateira a metropolis and includes it in the cities of Lydia.3 The name ‘Thyateira’ first appears on an inscription of the early 3rd century BC.4 It seems that it already have been in use as a geographical term before that time. The derivation of the name is unclear. Prevailing opinion holds that the suffix of the word is of Asian origin.5 It is also worth mentioning that, according to Plinius the Elder,6 Thyateira was originally called “Pelopeia” and “Euhippia”, while Stefanos Byzantios7 refers to Thyateira as a Lydian city, attributing the name ‘Mysón endmost’ and, in addition, mentions its former names Pelopeia and Semiramis.8 It was probably Seleucus I Nicator, who founded there the first Hellenistic settlement in 281/280 BC.9 In the following period Thyateira appear on inscriptions as a "Macedonian settlement". After the Ottoman occupation Thyateira has been known under the present name Ak-hisar.10 2. Historical Background Ancient evidence about Thyateira comes mainly from the big number of Hellenistic and Roman inscriptions.11 Ancient writers give rather sketchy details. The historian Libius and the geographer Strabo provide evidence about the 1st century BC, while the biographer Plutarch provides evidence about the 1st century AD. As mentioned above, the city appears in the lists of the historian Plinius and the geographer Ptolemy.12 The city was founded by the Lydians at the turn of the 7th century BC and became an important economic centre in the northern Lydian territory. Around 500 BC the city was incorporated into the Lydian satrapy of the Persian Empire. In the 4th century BC it was occupied by Alexander the Great and came under the Macedonian kingdom. When Seleucus I Nicator (312 –281 BC) prevailed over Lycimachus after the battle of Corupedium in 281 BC, the city became one of the Macedonian military colonies under the name ‘Thyateira’. Seleucus took control of the region and settled Macedonian soldiers in the city.13 The nodal location of the city as well as its handicraft activities increased production and enhanced commercial development. In the early 3rd century BC Thyateira was threatened by the Galatians. This is evidenced on an inscription dated back to 275/4 BC, where Seleucus I and Antiochus I (290-261 BC), monarchs of the Seleucid dynasty, are commemorated, and Apollo is thanked for the salvation of the city from the recent Galatian attack.14 Thyateira remained under the control of the Seleucids until Antiochus III the Great (223-187 BC) was defeated in the battle of Magnesia (190 BC) by the King of Pergamon Eumenes II (197-158 BC) and the Romans. According to Lybius, before the clash Eumenes chose to camp at Thyateira because of its strategic location.15 After the peace of Apamea in 188 BC the city was included in the kingdom of Pergamon. Under the domination of the Attalids (early 3rd and 2nd century BC) Thyateira thrived and its population increased.16 When Attalus III Philometor died in 133 BC, Aristonikus, the possibly illegitimate son of Eumenes II, revolted (133-129 BC) claiming the kingdom of Pergamon, and after he attacked the northern Lydian cities, he occupied Thyateira.17 In ancient historiography Thyateira appears again at the end of Mithradatic War I (89-85 BC). The Roman officer C. Flavius Fimbria, who had organised a revolt against Sulla, committed suicide there.18 At the same time, around 80 BC, the city came under the Roman Empire and was incorporated into the province of Asia. The Roman emperors were interested in Thyateira. Emperor Tiberius (14-37 AD) asked the senate to send help to the city, which had suffered damages in the earthquake of 17 AD.19 The city started to thrive in the 1st century AD and reached its peak, according to the great number of epigraphic evidence, in the 2nd and the 3rd century AD, in the period of the Antonines (138-193 AD) and the Severus dynasty (193-235 AD). Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD) visited Thyateira in 123 AD and benefited the city with privileges and donations.20 However, particular interest in the city was shown by Emperor Caracalla (211-217 AD), who visited the city in 215 AD and stayed there for some time. Caracalla gave the city the official title ‘Brightest and Greatest’ and granted the privilege of .21 After Emperor Diocletian (284-305 AD) redefined the boundaries of the provinces and until the middle Byzantine period, Thyateira belonged to the province of Lydia. 3. Economy Thyateira was one of the most ancient and most important centres for the production of fabrics in the area of Sardis.22 Besides, textile production was widely spread in northern Lydia already from the period of the Lydian kingdom.23 Clothes, linen and woolen fabrics, i.e. textile products, were the main exportable production of Thyateira.24 Professions and thriving guilds associated with textiles, such as the “lanarioi” (wool workers), the “linourgoi” (linen workers) and the ‘tanners’, appear in ample epigraphic evidence, mainly of an honorary character, which date back to the Roman years.25 A basic production of Thyateira, mainly from the early 3rd century AD, was pottery. The inscriptions mention the profession of potter. Potters formed another significant guild, while pots together with fabrics were the main products of the city’s exportable trade.26 Handicraft production also included tanneries and workshops for the production of copper items, which greatly thrived thanks to the activities of the respective guilds.27 It is also worth mentioning that, together with producers and craftsmen, the merchants that traded these products also formed their own guilds. As regards coinage, copper coins were found, dated before 190 BC and representing Apollo or Artemis on the front side and a tripod or a double axe with an inscription reading ‘ΘΥΑΤΕΙ-ΡΗΝΩΝ’ on the back side.28 The coins of the imperial period depict Roman emperors or local governors or even gods, such as Dionysus, Herakles, Apollo, Athena and, more often, Artemis Boreitene, while on the back side there is always the inscription ‘ΘΥΑΤΕΙΡΗΝ-ΩΝ’ or ‘ΘΥΑΤΕΙ-ΡΑ’.29 4. Society-Institutions-Regime After Seleucus I prevailed in 291 BC, Thyateira acquired the characteristics of a Greek city. As a Macedonian colony, it was chiefly a military city, although at the same time it was politically organised with a Boule and a Deme, in accordance with the autonomous cities of Asia Minor.30 In the early 2nd century BC, when the city was incorporated into the territory of the Attalids, Thyateira came under the administrative and judicial jurisdiction of Pergamon, under which it remained even after it was occupied by the Romans. For this reason, in the end of the 1st century BC Pliny places it among the cities whose centre is Pergamon.31 In the imperial period Thyateira was an important Roman city, politically developed and socially stratified like all modern thriving cities of the time. Ptolemy calls Thyateira a ‘metropolis’ already from the 2nd century.32 In 215 Emperor Caracalla, during his visit there, released the city from Pergamon, granting the city its own judicial court.33 As the self-governed metropolis of the province of Lydia, Thyateira was the centre for lots of smaller cities and settlements.34 5. Religious and Social Life The cults of Artemis, Apollo and King Helios were the most important cults among the numerous ancient cults of local character practiced in Thyateira.35 Coins and inscriptions mention the names of the gods: ‘Artemis Boreitene’ and ‘Apollo Tyrimnaeus’.36 The latter was a combination of Helios and Apollo, while he was the only god of the city with festivities held in his honour.37 Dionysus must have played an important role in local cults as well.38 No sacred buildings have been found in Thyateira, although some ancient temple may have existed at the site of the subsequent Muslim mosque. Furthermore, an epigraphic inscription mentions the construction of the propylon of the sacred precinct in Tyrimnos, whose location remains unknown.39 Finally, it is known that Christianity started to spread in Thyateira in the 1st century AD, after Apostle Paul visited the city,40 while a powerful Jewish community was already thriving.
6. Culture Thyateira held several festivities, most important being the so-called “Sebasta Tyrimneia” in honour of Apollo Tyrimnaeus. The festivities included musical and athletic games, where the athletes took place naked. In the 2nd century AD the sources testify the celebration of games dedicated to the emperor Hadrian, the so-called "Hadrianeia-Olympia". The “Severan Games” in honour of Alexander Severus appears on inscriptions after 233 AD. Festivities and athletic activities are evidenced by a great number of inscriptions honouring sponsors, gymnasiarchs, umpires and winners. The umpire and the sponsor could be a natural person but also a group or a guild, such as the tanners.41 According to inscriptions, in the imperial years Thyateira had three gymnasien, whose location unfortunately remains unknown.42 At the same time, the Deme as well as some sponsors had constructed public buildings, including a complex of houses surrounded by colonnades. Sponsors such as Claudius Amphimachus are honoured on the inscriptions, while there are a great number of inscriptions honouring the emperors.43 Among the first ones honoured in the city was General Lucullus who, after the end of Mithradatic War I (85 BC), was assigned by Sulla the task of collecting 20,000 talents from the cities of Asia Minor as indemnity. Lucullus fulfilled his task mildly and carefully, thus the cities of Thyateira and Synada dedicated a statue to him and named him their patron and benefactor.44 In addition, the people of Thyateira deeply honoured Hadrian during his visit there with a series of offerings, while Caracalla was also honoured as a benefactor and founder.45 7. Residential Development of the Ancient Settlement The city plan of Thyateira is impossible to be recreated, since there have not been any systematic excavations and the greatest part of the old city has been covered by the modern settlement. According to the prevailing opinion, the acropolis of Thyateira was on an elevation within the modern city.46 Prehistoric artefacts intended for domestic use were found there (3rd millennium BC). A Hellenistic sarcophagus and inscriptions from the same period were also found, while Hellenistic ruins were discovered in the wider area. The remains of a Roman cluster of buildings and a hypostyle road are near the acropolis (now ‘Tepemezari’ area). The road is estimated to have been 100m long and led to the acropolis. Excavations carried out between 1969 and 1971 revealed more architectural remains of public buildings, such as a rectangular Roman building measuring 40Χ10m. Lydian and Phrygian tombs exist on the nearby rocky hillsides as well.47 Apart from inscriptions and coins, there are few mobile findings, such as sculptures and pots from the Hellenistic and the Roman period. The remains of a Roman aqueduct, an arched construction above the ground, were found to the east of the ancient city.48 |
1. Stillwell R., PECS, entry "Thyateira» p. 1976. About the river Lykos see Pliny Ν.Η., V, XXXI, 115. The oldest treatise about Thyateira, based on the epigraphic evidence, is by Clerc M. De rebus Thyatirenorum. Paris 1893. Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p.123. 2. Strabo Geography ΧΙΙΙ, 4, 4 (C 625): "Also, towards the south, to a mountain range, on crossing which, on the road to Sardeis, one comes to Thyateira, on the left-hand side, a settlement of the Macedonians, which by some is called the farthermost city of the Mysians.", and ΧΙV, 1, 38 (C 646) where he describes the course of Aristonicus. 3. Ptolemy, Geography.,V 2, 16. 4. Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p. 12, no. 19. 5. RE VI1 «Thyateira» line 657. Also see Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. IΙ (1950), p. 977. According to Magie the ending of the name is encountered to other locations in Lydia for example Apateira, Temenothyrai and Grimenothyrai and probably signifies the fortress in the Lydian language. 6. Pliny, ΝH, V, ΧΧΧΙ, 115. 7. Stephanos of Byzantium, Εθνικά, entry “Thyateira”: presents two versions of the name’s etymology. According to the first the city was named Thyateira by Seleucus I Nikator because at that time (281 BC) when he was fighting against Lysimachus in the surrounding area he learned that he had obtained a daughter, so he named the city Thygatera (daughter). Later the city’s name from feminine became neutral. The second version has to do with the national “Thyateirinos”. When the Mysians wanted to build the city «Ἀνεῖλεν ὁ θεός, οὗ ἂν ὁραθείη ἔλαφος τετοξευμένη καὶ τροχάζουσα κτίσαι, εὑρόντας δ’ ὀνομάσαι διὰ τὸ θύειν καὶ τροχάζειν τὴν ἔλαφον. Τὸ ἐθνικὸν Θυατειρινὸς». It is clear that the etymological versions presented by Stephanos of Byzantium are later false derivations. 8. It has also been debated whether the names Semiramis, Pelopia and Euhippa that are given by Pliny and Stephanos of Byzantium are the ancient names of the city of Thyateira. Compare Ramsay, The historical Geography of Asia Minor (1962) p. 121. RE VIA1 «Thyateira» line 657. Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. IΙ (1950), p. 977. 9. Cohen, G., The hellenistic settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford 1995), p. 238-240. Hotz W., Die Mittelmeerküsten Anatoliens, Darmstadt 1989 p. 249. 10. The modern name is probably a translation of the Byzantine term (white castle), possibly from the castle’s white tower 11. Regarding inscriptions see Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p. 11 onwards, where 120 extracts from inscriptions are published. Also IG II,3, 3473 to 22. IGR IV, pp. 404-431, no. 1189 to 1286. In addition, Merkelbach R., «Epigramm aus Thyateira» ZPE 9 (1972) p. 132. Merkelbach R. «Drei Texte des Jahres 49 v.Chr. aus Thyateira» ZPE 16 (1975) pp. 39-42. Petz, G., «Antike Zeugnisse aus der Umgedung von Thyateira» ZPE 23 (1976) pp. 243-250. Herrmann P., «Die Karriere eines Prominenten Juristen aus Thyateira» Tyche 12 (1997) pp. 111-123. From all the inscriptions only 19 are exhibited in the Manisa museum. 12. Livy, XXXVII, viii-xxxviii. Strabo, Geography ΧΙV, 1, 38 (C 646). Plutarch, Sulla, 25. Pliny Ν.Η., V, ΧΧΧΙ, 115 and V 126. Ptolemy, Geograpy,V 2, 16. 13. Jones, A.H. M., The cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford 1971 , pp. 44-45. The view has been supported that since Seleucus I left immediately after the battle in Couropedion for Thrace it is possible that Thyateira was not founded by him, but by Antioch I (290-261 BC). However, this location has been disputed see Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. IΙ (1950), p. 977. 14. It is an inscription where the name of the city is recorded for the first time see Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p. 12, no. 19. See Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. ΙΙ (1950) p. 731, note 11. 15. Regarding the events see Livy, XXXVII, viii-xxxviii. More specifically, about Eumenes' camp, XXXVII, xxxvii, 6 and xxxviii, 1. see Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 123, where it is mentioned that in the end of the 3rd century BC Thyateira were under Attalus I control, and remained for the first time under Attalid rule until 196/5 BC. 16. The submission of Thyateira to the Pergamene Kingdom is testified by a later honorary discription of the 2nd century AD, which mentions the «οι Ηρακληασταί» a club worshipping Heracles, who resided in Mernouphyta, a suburb of Thyateira or a neighboring area, from the era of the reign of Attalus I (241-197 BC) and Eumenes II (197-159 BC). see Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) pp. 27-28 and no 51. 17. Strabo, Geography ΧΙV, 1, 38 (C 646). Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 152. Aristonicus was defeated by the Roman army(130 BC) and was killed in Rome. See Hornblower S., Spawforth A. (ed.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford 1996, p. 163. 18. Plutarch, Sulla, XXV. Fimbria was an officer of the consul Leukius Valerius Flaccus, political adversary of Sulla. Fimbria has organized a rebellion against Sulla. However, near Thyateira, where he had camped, his army received Sulla heartily and placed themselves under his orders. His army's treason and his fear for Sulla's punishment led Fimbria to commit suicide. 19. Suetonius, Tib. 8. RE VIA1 "Thyateira" line 658. It is worth mentioning that from Thyateira was Lydia, the first Christian woman to be baptised by Apotle Paul at Philippi of Macedonia, see Acts of the Apostles 16, 14. 15.40. 20. About Hadrian's visit to Thyateira: IG II2 1088 and CIL III suppl. 1, 7003. 21. RE VIA1 "Thyateira" line 658. Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p. 12, for honorary inscr. no. 116. 22. About the tradition of the textile industry at the cities of Lydia and Ionia, see Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) pp. 47-48. 23. There is a relevant reference in the Iliad IV 141-143. 24. In Lydia love for luxury and exhibition influenced weaving to a large extent. A special variety of carpets and clothes of Λυδία was called by the Romans "Attalic", perhaps because it was destined for the kings of Pergamum, but most likely it was named thus by Roman merchants in order to impress and attract the public in Rome. Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 48. 25. CIG II, 3, 3496, 3480, 3497, 3498. IGR IV 1209, 1213, 1226, 1239, 1242, 1252. Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911), 56-57, inscr. no. 117 and 118. In addition, the supposed guild of «ιματευόμενοι» seems that they were [πρα]γματευόμενοι, see Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I, p. 48 and Vol. II, p. 812 notes 79 and 80. The dyers guild had a great number of members and finanacially robust. Large building complexes with stoas, residencies and workshops had been built for them, see Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911), pp. 56-57, inscr. no. 117 and no. 118 26. Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 49. For potters, compare IGR IV, 1205. 27. CIG ΙΙ,3, 3499 and IGR IV, 1216, 1259. Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 49. Other professionals that are mentioned in inscriptions are «αρτοκόποι», «οι σκυτοτόμοι», οι «προξενηταί σωμάτων». See Jones, A.H. M., The cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford 1971 pp. 83, 399. 28. Head, B.V., Cataloque of the Greek Coins of Lydia, (London 1901), p. 292 Pl. XXIX. About the κιστοφορικά coins that were minted in Thyateira in the period in which they were part of the Pergamene Kingdom, see Jones, A.H. M., The cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford 1971, p. 54. Imhoof –Blumer, Die Münzen der Dynastie von Pergamon, 1884 p. 30 table IV.1-4. 29. See Head, B.V., Cataloque of the Greek Coins of Lydia, (London 1901), pp. 293-322 Pl. 29, 30, 31, 42. 30. About the military character of Thyateira see Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. ΙΙ, p. 973 note 3. In addition, Magie surmises that when Philip V invaded Asia Minor in 201 BC possibly received honors from the boule and demos of Thyateira, see Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 133. 31. Pliny, ΝH V 126. 32. Ptolemy, Geography,V 2, 16. 33. RE VI 1 entry: "Thyateira" line 657-659, Keil J. 34. From the inscriptions there are known some locations and populations that were within Thyateira territory. Such populations were the Ηρακληιοπολείται and Ταβειρηνοί , as well as the locations Αζάφυτα (Αζαπηυτα) and Μερνούφυτα, which were areas or suburbs of Thyateira, while they are also mentioned the large villages of Αρηνών and Ναγδήμων. See Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p. 11. and CIG ΙΙ,3, 3488 35. Stillwell R., PECS, entry "Thyateira", p. 1976. 36. See Head, B.V., Cataloque of the Greek Coins of Lydia, (London 1901), pp. 292-322. Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p.11 and onwards. 37. God is mentioned on numerous insctriptions, often as Ήλιος Πύθιος Απόλλων Τυριμναίος and most of the times as ancestor. In a case the priesthood of the ancestor Sun God and Πύθιου Απόλλωνα Τυριμναίου is mentioned see Lübkers, F., Reallexikon des Klassischen Altertums, entry: "Thyateira", line 1044. Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911), p. 11 and onwards, no. 20, 49 and 115. Also, see Robert L., "Inscription de Thyatire en Lydie" ISTROS I, 1934, p. 2. CIG ΙΙ,3, 3497, IGR IV, 1238. and IGR IV, 1213. Compare and IGR IV, 1222. About Artemis: IGR IV, 1225. The cult of Απόλλωνα Πιτυαηνού it seems to be earlier as testified on the inscription of 275/4 BC Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) pp. 11-12 and inscription no. 19. 38. Dionysus, which is depicted on coins, has the name "Kathegemon"and had organized priesthood IGR IV, 1238 and 1240. 39. IGR IV, 1225. Furthermore, it is possible that the building known from a burial inscription «Σαμφαθείον» «εν τωι Χαλδαίου Περιβόλωι» was of sacred character, but nothing else is known about it, CIG ΙΙ,3, 3509. RE VI 1 entry: "Thyateira" line 657-659. 40. Act of the Apostles, 16. 14 41. Compare Merkelbach R., «Epigramm aus Thyateira» ZPE 9 (1972) p. 132. Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p. 12. For sponsors, αγωνοθέτες, γυμνασιάρχες, athletes: IGR IV, 1225, 1236, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244. Hadrianeia Olympia: IGR IV, 1260. There are also testimonies about the Augusteia Games: IGR IV, 1261 and 1265. Severan Agon: IGR IV, 1264, 1267, 1268. as well the games of the great Sabastoi Tyrimnioi: IGR IV, 1270, 1273. The celebration in honor of Alexander Severus is mentioned in Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 693 42. Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p. 12 and inscription no. 65, 69. Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 652. Lübkers, F., Reallexikon des Klassischen Altertums, entry: «Thyateira», line 1044. In addition: IGR IV, 1217, 1222, 1266, 1268, 1269. 43. Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 586. About Claudius Amphimachus: IGR IV, 1237. Honorary inscriptions of emperors: IGR IV, 1195 (Καίσαρας Σεβαστός), 1194 (Domitian), 1193 (Vespasianus), 1206 (Marcus Aurelius, Antoninus Pius). 44. Πλουτ. Λούκ., 4. Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) p. 238. 45. About the statue of Νακρασιτών: CIG ΙΙ,3, 3522. In addition, Magie D., Roman rule in Asia Minor. To the end of third century after Christ. Vol. I (1950) pp. 616, 684. about the reception of Hadrian at Thyateira see Weber W., Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Hadrianus (1907) p. 138 and note 502, 503. Also, CIG, ΙΙ,3, 3491. 46. The location is at the area where the old state hospital of Ak-hisar has been erected. 47. Keil and Premerstein mention an ancient cemetery at the location Mal Tepe in Kenes. Keil J.- v. Premerstein A., Bericht über eine zweite Reise in Lydien II. (1911) p. 11. 48. According to Schuchhardt the aqueduct should be identified with the one mentioned on an inscription from Arman Kuja Tschesme, a settlement northern than Thyateira. The inscription informs us about aqueduct' s construction and track. See Conze, A. a.o., Stadt und Landschaft (AvP BΙ T1, Berlin 1912), p. 143· Foucart, P., “Exploration de la plaine de l’Hermus”, BCH 1887, pp. 100-101. |