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Theodore Mangaphas' Rebellion

Συγγραφή : Vougiouklaki Penelope (16/10/2003)
Μετάφραση : Velentzas Georgios

Για παραπομπή: Vougiouklaki Penelope, "Theodore Mangaphas' Rebellion",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8889>
Κίνημα Θεοδώρου Μαγκαφά (25/5/2009 v.1) Theodore Mangaphas' Rebellion (15/2/2006 v.1) 
 

1. Historical framework

During the reign of the Angelid dynasty the internal corruption and economic distress of the Byzantine Empire, which had started to appear after the death of Emperor Basil II (976-1025), became clear. The inhabitants of Asia Minor, due to heavy taxes imposed by the central administration as well as arbitrary confiscations of properties and misappropriations by state officials and tax collectors, were living in squalor, which made them distance themselves from Constantinople.

In the same period, the local administration was clearly more powerful than the relatively weak central administration, as the administrative system of the provinces became increasingly dependent on local landowners. Therefore, Theodore Mangaphas, the governor of Philadelphia, started to assume power and be supported by the inhabitants of the area. The latter hoping that they would be relieved from tax burdens encouraged Mangaphas to establish an independent rule in their area.

2. The rebellions of Theodore Mangaphas

2.1. Τhe rebellion of 1188-1189

Around 1188 the local official and landowner Theodore Mangaphas (also known as "Morotheodoros", mean. Simple Theodore) from Philadelphia attempted for the first time to establish an independent rule in the region of Philadelphia.1 With the support of the inhabitants of the city and the largest part of Lydia as well as with the military help from a great number of Armenian colonists of the Troad and the Skamandros (Scamander) river he proclaimed himself emperor and minted silver coins depicting his figure.2

Emperor Isaac II Angelus (1185-1195, 1203-1204) campaigned in June 1189 against the rebel. Isaac besieged Mangaphas in Philadelphia, but not before long the critical circumstances prevailing in the Balkan provinces due to the arrival of the crusaders of the third Crusade led the emperor to come to terms with the revolter. Pressed by the imperial forces, Mangaphas was forced to decline the imperial title and give his children hostages to Isaac II. However, he continued staying in Philadelphia. Around 1193 the newly appointed doux of the theme of Thrakesion and megas domestikos, Basil Vatatzes, turned against the former rebel by striking at the heart of his political power base and disrupting his movement. Some of Mangaphas’ followers were bribed and others were arrested by Vatatzes, who in this way made Mad Theodore abandon the region of Philadelphia and seek shelter among the Seljuks in order to avoid being arrested.3

The new sultan of Ikonion, Kaykhusraw I (1192-1197, 1204/5-1211), refused to offer him army, but allowed him to recruit Türkmen nomads as mercenaries in order to claim again the territories he had been forced to abandon. So, in 1195-1196 Mangaphas returned to the Byzantine lands and raided the valley of the Skamandros in Phrygia, Chonai and Caria, thus causing extensive damages. What is more, in Chonai he permitted the Türkmen mercenaries to sack the renowned church of Archangel Michael and destroy its mosaics. Towards the late 1196 the new emperor, Alexios III Angelus (1195-1203), bribed Kaykhusraw in order to get Mangaphas, on condition that the latter would not be harmed. The rebel was imprisoned.4

2.2. Τhe rebellion of 1204-1205

Mangaphas came again to the forefront in 1204, after Constantinople fell to the Latins, and attempted once again to establish an independent rule in Philadelphia.5 Those attempts were prevented by Theodore I Laskaris, the emperor of Nicaea, who was trying to impose himself as the legal heir in western Asia Minor. However, the mercenaries of the Asia Minor revolter were not decisively defeated by the Byzantine troops but by the forces of Henry of Flandres (Henri de Flandres et Hainault, 1206-1216), the subsequent Latin emperor of Constantinople. In a battle near Adramyttion (March 19, 1205), the ill-disciplined troops of Mangaphas were dispersed by the expeditionary corps of the Western knights, while Mangaphas had to retreat again. When Theodore I Laskaris was informed about Mangaphas’ defeat, he incorporated the rebel’s possessions into the state of Nicaea. That was the end of the rebellious movement of Theodore Mangaphas.

3. Consequences

Mangaphas’ movements, within the general framework of the separationist movements that broke out in the 11th and 12th centuries, deteriorated the problems connected with the internal structure of the state and the defence against external threats. Exhausted due to those internal separationist movements and the continuous external attacks, the Byzantine Empire fell to the Latins in 1204.

Nevertheless, even after Constantinople fell to the West, the movement of Theodore Mangaphas continued to create problems for Theodore Laskaris. As it happened with other separationist and rebellious movements that broke out in the provinces in that period, the emperor of Nicaea found difficulty in consolidating his power in western Asia Minor. This situation remained the same until the reign of John III Vatatzes, who adopted strict measures in order to increase the state power and the control of court aristocracy and provincial rulers, two of the main factors responsible for the emergence of separationist and rebellious movements.

1. Σαββίδης, Α.Γ.Κ., Βυζαντινά στασιαστικά και αυτονομιστικά κινήματα στα Δωδεκάνησα και τη Μικρά Ασία, 1189-1240 μ.Χ.: Συμβολή στη μελέτη της υστεροβυζαντινής προσωπογραφίας και τοπογραφίας την εποχή των Αγγέλων, των Λασκαρίδων της Νίκαιας και των Μεγαλοκομνηνών του Πόντου (Athens 1987), p. 174, claims that the first attempt of Theodore Mangaphas to establish himself as an independent ruler of Philadelphia was made in 1189-1190.

2. A large number of silver coins found in Aphrodisias of Caria is attributed by Hendy, M.F., Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300-1450 (Cambridge 1985), p. 438, n. 302, to Theodore Mangaphas, while Pochitonov, E., “Théodore-Pierre Asène ou Théodore Mancaphas?”, Byzantinoslavica 42 (1981), pp. 52-57, attributes them to the Bulgarian ruler Peter Asen.

3. Σαββίδης, Α.Γ.Κ., Βυζαντινά στασιαστικά και αυτονομιστικά κινήματα στα Δωδεκάνησα και τη Μικρά Ασία, 1189-1240 μ.Χ.: Συμβολή στη μελέτη της υστεροβυζαντινής προσωπογραφίας και τοπογραφίας την εποχή των Αγγέλων, των Λασκαρίδων της Νίκαιας και των Μεγαλοκομνηνών του Πόντου (Athens 1987), p. 175, claims that Basil Vatatzes was sent against the revolter in the early 1190. Τhe same view is expressed by Cheynet, J.-C., “Philadelphie, un quart de siècle de dissidence, 1182-1206”, in Philadelphie et autres études (Byzantina Sorbonensia 4, Paris 1984), p. 47.

4. According to Cheynet, J.-C., Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963-1210) (Byzantina Sorbonensia 9, Paris 1990), p. 135, Theodore Mangaphas was imprisoned in that period and was released in 1200. The same view about the imprisonment of the rebel is shared by Brand, C.M., “Mankaphas, Theodore”, in Kazhdan, A. (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2 (New York – Oxford 1991), p. 1286.

5. According to Angold, M., A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society under the Lascarids of Nicaea (1204-1261) (Oxford 1975), p. 61, Mangaphas took control of Philadelphia in the spring of 1205 and was joined by Constantine Laskaris, the brother of Theodore I, in his military operations against the Latins. On the other hand, Οικονομίδης, Ν., “Η Δ' Σταυροφορία και η Άλωση της Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, 1204”, in Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους 9 (Athens 1980), p. 39, suggests that Theodore Mangaphas managed to proclaim himself an independent monarch for a second time in 1203 with the help of the inhabitants of Philadelphia .
     
 
 
 
 
 

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