caliph
The supreme religious and political authority of Muslims, considered successor of Muhammad (Arabic: khalifa = deputy). He was the head of the Caliphate, the religious state of the Arabs.

Foederati
Late Antiquity: Originally allies of the Roman Empire, of barbaric origin, to whom settlement on imperial territory was allowed in exchange for providing military service; later on, in the 6th C., the term designated distinguished military units.Byzantium: from the 7th C. onwards, Foideratoi (from the lat. foederati) was the name of the oldest tourma of the theme of Anatolikon.

kapnikon
A hearth tax, first attested in the sourses in the early 9th C. as a tax imposed on the dependant peasants. Its name derived from «kapnos» (smoke), as it was levied on each family unit, considered as a hearth.

komes tes kortes
Συμπληρώστε την περιγραφή στην γλώσσα μετάφρασης

logothetes tou genikou
Συμπληρώστε την περιγραφή στην γλώσσα μετάφρασης

monostrategos
A term used in Byzantine sources to denote a theme's general when the latter, apart from leading his own troops, also took command of neighbouring themes, either to better organise defence in a broad front or to conduct offensive operations under a unified command.

paroikos
(Byz.) Dependent peasants, usually on estates of large landowners or on ecclesiastical estates.

senator, the (1. Roman, 2. Byzantine)
1. A Roman body of men that originally advised the king and then the consuls; Heredity was not the only means of joining the senate and “new men” or novi homines could become part of it; Augustus revised the senate and left the body with less power and bolstered hereditary claims as a means to enter the senate; it continued to make laws and conferred powers on new emperors.2. Member of the senate. The senate, a roman institution transferred from Rome to Constantinople by Constantine I during the Byzantine period was an advisory body whose rights and responsibilities were not clearly defined. It was consisted of imperial officers coming from the upper and were ranked according to hierarchical levels: viri illustri (perfectus praetoriae and the magister), viri spectabili (proconsul, vicarius and the comes), viri clarissimi (consul praetoriae) and viri perfectissimi (praeses and duces). Since the 6th c. AD a new title was established for the upper officers (viri gloriosi). The years that followed officials were entitled to officers regardless their position as senators or if they were about to be admitted to this body.

strategos ("general")
During the Roman period his duties were mainly political. Οffice of the Byzantine state´s provincial administration. At first the title was given to the military and political administrator of the themes, namely of the big geographic and administrative unities of the Byzantine empire. Gradually the title lost its power and, already in the 11th century, strategoi were turned to simple commanders of military units, responsible for the defence of a region.

tourmarch
Civilian and military commander of a tourma, subdivision of a theme.